The LIA, which was used originally as a description of the most recent period of glacial advance 10, has long been considered one of the coldest periods of the Holocene in the NH. Unfortunately, cold-season temperature reconstructions spanning the last two millennia are extremely rare, hampering our comprehensive understanding of the temperature evolution and its forcing mechanisms. However, the majority of temperature proxies used to reconstruct this cooling trend are biased toward warm seasons 9. 1400–1850 CE), followed by abrupt industrial-era warming 3, 4, 5, 6. 1000–1300 CE) to the Little Ice Age (LIA ca. Over the last 2000 years, temperature reconstructions of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) exhibit a coherent long-term cooling from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA ca. Much research has leveraged the temperature-sensitive proxy records from tree-rings, ice cores, laminated sediments, corals, speleothems, and historical documentary archives to understand the past climate changes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Knowledge of the temperature variability of the past two millennia provides critical natural context and long-term perspective for the assessment of recent climate excursions 1, 2.
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